Carbohydrates

Monosaccharides: Glucose, fructose, galactose

Disaccharides: Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Polysaccharides: Glycogen, starch, fibers

Lipids

Triglycerides (Fats): Glycerol + fatty acids.

Phospholipids: Maltose, sucrose, lactose

Sterols: Cholesterol, vitamin-D, sex hormones, adrenal hormones

Lipids Transportation

Done by lipoproteins which are vehicles (proteins) to transport lipids. There are 4 types of lipoproteins based on size & density: Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL, HDL

Chylomicron, VLDL, LDL deposits fat while HDL removes fats

In lipid profile: Direct measurement of Total cholesterol, triglyceride and HDL

VLDL = 20% of triglyceride

LDL = Total cholesterol - HDL -VLDL

Saturated fats: increases LDL, leaves HDL alone

Trans fats: increases LDL, lowers HDL

Vitamins

Water soluble vitamins: excess secreted through urine. High risk of deficiency, low risk of toxicity. Eg: vitamin C, Bs

Fat soluble vitamins; excess stored in body. Low risk of deficiency, high risk of toxicity. Eg: vitamin A, D, E, K

B-Vitamins

Acts as coenzymes. They assist enzymes with metabolism.

Thiamine: Helps produce coenzyme TPP

Riboflavin: Helps produce coenzyme FAD (found in milk, destroyed by light)

Niacin: Helps produce coenzyme NAD

Biotin

Pantothenic Acid: Helps produce coenzyme A

B6: Helps produce coenzyme PLP (stored in muscle: excess causes nerve damage [EXCEPTION])

Folic Acid: Helps produce THF

B12: Exclusively found in animal products

Vitamin C

Acts as an antioxidant: Antioxidants have an extra electron they donate to free radicals to stabilize them.

vitamin A, C, E are all antioxidants

Acts as a cofactor in collagen formation

Water

Hard water: Presence of Ca, Mg. Good for drinking.<\p>

Soft water: Presence of Sodium. Bad for drinking, good for washing.

Fluid regulation: sodium -> water retention -> blood volume -> blood pressure

pH regulation: 7.35-7.45(normal range), 6.8 or 8 causes death.

Bicarbonate-Carbonic Acid Buffer System

The bicarbonate-carbonic acid buffer system reaction:

$\mathrm{CO}{2}_{\mathrm{(g)}}+H_{2}O\leftrightarrow H_2\mathrm{CO}{3}_{}\leftrightarrow H⁺+{\mathrm{HCO}}_3⁻$

Henderson-Hasselbalch Equation

The Henderson-Hasselbalch equation:

${\mathrm{pH}}_{}={\mathrm{pKa}}_{}+log\frac{\mathrm{[A⁻]}}{\mathrm{[HA]}}$